29 Oct 2010

Citibank Vietnam extends retail banking presence to Hanoi

CPV: Citibank N.A. Vietnam expanded its retail bank operations in the country by opening a new branch and launching Citigold - its wealth Tourism offering – in Hanoi today (October 15).
The new outlet, equipped with innovative Smart Banking technology, enables Citibank to serve individual customers in Hanoi.
The launch complements Citibank’s first retail branch in Ho Chi Minh City, opened last year, and represents a significant milestone as Citi Vietnam celebrates its 15th anniversary in the country.
With this new facility, Citibank is also introducing its wealth management offering – Citigold – to customers in the Capital. The Citigold offering is characterized by a higher level of service and offers unique products and benefits. This prestigious service targets affluent customers and provides them with an unparalleled level of priority treatment.
Speaking at the opening ceremony, Mr Shirish Apte, Chief Executive Officer of Citi Asia Pacific said: “We are pleased to be able to extend our world-class retail banking services to customers in Vietnam with the launch of this Smart Banking branch and the introduction of Citigold in Hanoi. Vietnam represents a promising market in what is an exceptionally important region for Citi, and we are committed to growing our franchise here”.


Citibank’s retail banking network in Asia Pacific serves over 32 million customer accounts. This new branch in Hanoi is among the first few Smart Banking branches in Asia and demonstrates Citibank’s commitment to bringing world-class products and services to Vietnam.
Mr Brett Krause, Citi Country Officer for Vietnam, stressed: “This innovative new concept of banking leverages technology to redefine customers’ banking experience. The Hanoi branch really speaks to our commitment to create new and innovative products, and deliver world-class service to our customers”.
The branch comes equipped with media walls, interactive kiosks and work benches to enable customers to surf though information, learn about financial products and services, and conduct transactions. The branch will provide customers and the local community with up-to-date global and local news, including weather, business, sports and market updates.
Some of the other unique features include:
• Three “Citi Browsers”: Interactive touch screens that enable customers to easily obtain information about Citibank as well as Citibank’s latest product and service offerings. These negate the need for printed materials in Citibank’s environmentally friendly branch environment
• Four “Citi Work-Benches”: Allows customers to complete their daily banking needs at their own pace in a secured and convenient manner
• Two “Citi Assist” interactive video-conferencing private briefing rooms: Provides customers with the opportunity to obtain additional expert opinion and consultation from Citibank specialists throughout the region via video conferencing
• Citigold centre for High Net Worth customers with private briefing rooms and personalized relationship management services
“This launch is just the start of Citi’s expansion plans in Vietnam. Over the next few months, Citi will progressively add more best-in-class products and services, increase the number of touch points for our customers, and with regulatory approval, cement its commitment to Vietnam by locally incorporating a banking subsidiary,” Mr. Krause added.
Citi has been in Vietnam for 15 years and provides a full range of financial services, including corporate and investment banking. The Bank is a pioneer in the country and was the first to launch Internet banking, an internet payment gateway and an online internet platform.

Rice fields reach up to touch the autumn sky

As autumn arrives, visitors marvel at the picturesque scene of the ripened terraced rice fields in northwestern Vietnam.

The beauty of these rice fields can be blurred by the white clouds and the wind.

Such dreamlike scenery can only be seen in the early morning or after a sudden rain falling on the terraced fields lying along the mountain ranges.
Sa Pa in Lao Cai Province, Hoang Su Phi in Ha Giang Province and Mu Cang Chai in Yen Bai Province are perhaps the three areas having the most beautiful terraced rice fields in Vietnam. They are also popular tourism sites for international tourists.
Below are beautiful pictures of the terraced rice fields:

VN film industry yet to embrace market: Noyce



Phillip Noyce, director of “The Quiet American,” has been back in Vietnam since October 16 for the first Vietnam International Film Festival, eight years after he first came here to direct the film.
He spoke to Tuoi Tre about Vietnamese films.
What’s your overview of the Vietnamese movie industry?
I am not an expert because I have just seen some Vietnamese films at the VNIFF, which wrapped up on October 21 in Hanoi. However, the biggest difference that I see here is your cities now have more cinemas than eight years ago when I came to Vietnam to make “The Quiet American.”
In the past, there were few cinemas and people’s incomes were lower. But today many people are willing to spend money to buy cinema tickets. That’s progress.
Some days ago I watched “Floating Lives.” It is a very impressive film. I also know that the film did good sales in the first two days of public screening at the VNIFF. It has been promoted efficiently. I think it’ a model for Vietnamese cinema in future.
VNIFF got several international cinema experts and the quality of films screened at the festival was also quite good. I think later film festivals in Vietnam will become bigger. And when your movies make more money at the box office, more people will send their films to your festivals and distribute them here.
Many Vietnamese films have competed at international film festivals but have not won any awards. What should Vietnamese cinema do to be internationally recognized and attract foreign audiences?
The best solution is to have more cinemas. They are the best cinema schools for Vietnamese filmmakers. Vietnam switched to a market economy long ago but the development of a market economy for cinema is still lagging behind.
However, Vietnam has several international-standard cinemas. So, local filmmakers will learn a lot when their films are screened at the cinemas because they will have a chance to interact with audiences.
It is also the formula for success for major movie industries around the world. It is also a dance party between filmmakers, directors, actors with audiences.
But the dance party can only be successful if the audiences are happy to pay for their tickets. If they think films are worth their money, they will keep on visiting cinemas and then, of course, the dance parties will take place often.
Thus, I believe Vietnamese filmmakers will soon mature.
What do you think about Vietnamese audiences?
They are as good as any cinema fans across the world.
They want entertainment and they want to watch interesting films that are worth their money. They are ready to bring their families and friends to the cinema if they know there is a good film. When the “Floating Lives” was screened in Hanoi, I witnessed many people happily spending money to buy tickets. One woman I met paid VND300,000 (US$15) to buy a ticket in the black market [official price around VND40,000].
You used to make big films, which one of them is your favorite?
My favorite film is not a big film but a small one named “Rabbit-proof fence” that I directed in Australia. The film is about three little colored Australian girls who are separated from their families and have to travel 2,400 kilometers to return home.
Before I made it, many people told me I would not be able to find a producer, draw audiences, or take it to the international market. But I proved them wrong.
You have produced many action films and also scored big successes with psychological films. Which categories do you prefer?
In Hollywood, it is easier to make action films like “Salt” because you can easily get back your money. However, I don’t worry about that.
I have switched to making small films, from action to psychological… For me, all categories of film are similar and personally, I like different categories of film. Recently, I have also been interested in cartoons like “How to train your dragon.”
How do you maintain the balance between your art, audience tastes, and producers’ expectations?
In reality, there’s no conflict because I serve audiences. I think cinema exists just for audiences. I am just an entertainer like an acrobat in a traveling circus in the old days. When I was a child, two traveling circuses often came to my hometown to perform. One came by train and the other by road.
When the circus train arrived, I went out to watch the train and dreamed of getting onboard. Frankly, I am now on my own train and traveling to many places with it to perform and leave.
The only way for me to survive is to keep my audiences entertained. And, if they are happy I am happy.
Workshop on profit making with films

Phillip Noyce held a workshop on film directing for students of the Ho Chi Minh City College of Stage Art and Films at Lan Anh Village in District 2 on October 25 and 26.
Besides the students, there were also some Vietnamese directors and actors. At the workshop, Noyce spoke about filmmaking techniques and showed clips from his films. The students had to take part in various activities, including doing a review of a Vietnamese book they had read and explaining why it is movie material. (By Phuong Thuy)


Music show marks Toyota’s 21st year in Asia



Orchestra Citta de Firenze from Florence, Italy, will perform the Toyota Classic Symphony at the Hanoi Opera House tonight to mark the Japanese company’s 21st anniversary in the Asia Pacific.
Renowned conductor Lorenzo Castriota Skanderbeg will wield the baton while tenor Leonardo Melani and talented young Vietnamese pianist Luu Hong Quang, who won the first prize at the 2009 Chopin Piano Contest in Australia, will perform.
The symphony promises an evening of classical Italian music with concertos and symphonies, extracts from traditional Italian operas like Rossini’s La gazza ladra and Verdi’s Giovanna d’Arco.
The show is a part of a series of performances being held from October 23 to November 12 in many Asian countries.
In Vietnam it has been held annually since 1997, acquainting Vietnamese audiences with world masterpieces and enabling local artists to perform with foreign professionals.
The money raised from ticket sales will go into the Toyota scholarship fund for young Vietnamese musicians.

Going Dutch in HCMC

The Holland Village festival that has come for the first time to Ho Chi Minh City offers an insight into Dutch lifestyles and customs through traditional crafts, food, and music.
Being held at the September 23 Park on Pham Ngu Lao Street from October 22 to 31, it features typical Dutch attractions like fish, cheese, and street-music stands that draw thousands of visitors daily.
“The things I like most here are plastic models of tulip flowers, cow farms, and windmills and also traditional Dutch food,” Thao Nghi, a student at the city’s Hong Bang University, said.
“The event helps me learn more about the Dutch people and their culture.”
Dutch tourist Marcel Simons said: “We are happy and proud that the Holland Village … is now taking place in Vietnam”.
“It is nice and interesting.
“I was in a taxi, going around to see the nightlife in HCMC, when I saw the front gate of Holland Village by chance,” Dirty Pierre, a tourist from New Zealand, told Tuoi Tre News.
“This event is amazing.”
Most visitors are fascinated by a 10-meter windmill, a symbol of the Netherlands, placed near the entrance.
The festival features demonstrations of clog making, glass blowing, and pottery by Dutch artists.
The pottery items are decorated with motifs depicting hunting and religious activities and Dutch landscapes with windmills, fishing boats, and others.
Glass artist Frans Limpens blows into a tube to create objects like clarinets, animals, boats, flowers, and motorbikes.
"I have performed in a lot of places around the world like Malaysia, South Korea, Beijing, Hongkong, Bangkok, New York, and now Vietnam,” Limpens said.
“Just show me an object you like and I will make it in glass,” he said confidently.
Also on display are traditional Dutch foods like raw fresh herring with onions and cucumber and poffertjes, a pancake loved by children.
On an open-air stage, there are daily shows of traditional Dutch costumes, floral workshops, accordion music, and milking competitions for children.
Holland Village was first held in Germany in 1980 and has since been held in Japan, China, Thailand, Malaysia, and Canada.

Vietnam certifies six powered hang-glider pilots



Mai Linh Corporation’s central and southern branch last Wednesday celebrated graduation ceremony and handed certificates to their six powered hang-glider pilots.
The six pilots, who will join promoting flying services at cheaper price in central beach city of Nha Trang, have become qualified after passing 300 flying hours and 600 flying tours in a training program coordinated with the Vietnam People's Air Defense and Air Force.
Last year the transport and travel service company imported five hang gliders from Italy and hired pilots who are professionals from Italy and France.
Building up a team of local trained pilots will help reduce riding cost to tourists. The current price is USD70 for a 15 minute ride and is estimated to lower to just $50.
The imported sportive designed gliders have big wings and simple engine, making it easy to operate. Each glider can carry a pilot and a tourist with a speed up to 80km/h and reach a maximum height of 300 meters.
Besides tourism activities, Mai Link Corp. will also extend their service for different purposes such as construction and geology inspection, filming and photography, cultural performances and business promotion.

Disfigured but alive: Zimbabwe cuts horns to save rhinos

The roaring chainsaw sends fingernail-like shards flying into the baking Zimbabwean bush as it slices through the slumped black rhino's foot-long horn.
The critically endangered female loses her spikes in just seconds, after being darted from a helicopter.
A few minutes later, she leaps up and escapes -- disfigured but alive -- in a dramatic attempt to deter the poachers who have unleashed a bloodbath on southern Africa's rhinos.
"De-horning reduces the reward for the poacher," said Raoul du Toit of the Lowveld Rhino Trust which operates in Zimbabwe's arid southeast.
"Poaching is a balance between reward and risk. It may tip the economic equation in the situation to one where it's not worth the poacher operating."
Rhino poaching reached an all-time high in Africa last year, according to the International Rhino Foundation.
In Zimbabwe, where just 700 rhinos remain, anti-poaching units face military-like armed gangs who ruthlessly shoot the animals to hack off the distinctive horns for the Asian traditional medicine market.
"These poachers in this part of the world here will shoot on sight. They operate in very aggressive units," Du Toit told AFP.
"They adopt patrol formations when they are after rhinos to detect any anti-poaching units that are deployed against them and they will open fire without hesitation.
"So there've been many gunfights -- a number of poachers killed, not so many on law enforcement side but that's mainly through luck."
Asian demand for rhino horn, believed to treat anything from headaches to sexual woes, has lured highly organized criminal syndicates.
Zimbabwe's black rhino were poached to a low of 300 in 1995 but recovered and leveled off to nearly double this before plummeting again to reach around 400 last year, according to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
"It was at this time, 2006-2007, when we actually saw the steep escalation in poaching which is related to syndicate kind of poaching orchestrated out of South Africa," said WWF's African rhino manager Joseph Okari.
"It is what makes a big difference between the poaching of today... and the poaching of the '80s and the early '90s," he said.
"That was not highly organized and well co-ordinated like what we are seeing today."
South Africa and Zimbabwe are rhino poaching hotspots, accounting for nearly all of the 470 rhinos killed in Africa between 2006 and 2009. Half of those killed were in Zimbabwe.
The slaughter this year has intensified in South Africa, where rhino poaching has doubled. Okari puts the shift down to the slashed population in Zimbabwe, particularly in state parks, and hardline controls that include poachers being shot dead.
The result is that the Lowveld region which lost 60 animals last year is now seeing more rhinos born than killed.
"If it was to continue at this level, we could see our population increase in time," said Lowveld Rhino Trust operations co-ordinator Lovemore Mungwashu.
In addition to de-horning, conservationists in Zimbabwe are fitting rhinos with microchips or transmitters to track them, while mounting foot patrols armed in some areas with AK-47 assault rifles. They're also conducting intelligence work to infiltrate the gangs.
The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority -- which has a five-ton store of severed rhino horns in Harare -- estimates the country now has 400 critically endangered black and 300 less threatened white rhinos.
"At peak, we had close to 3,000 rhinos -- that was in the early '80s," said national rhino coordinator Geoffreys Matipano who estimates the horns can fetch up to 20,000 dollars per kilogram (2.2 pounds).
"If you compare it with the past few years, we have managed to contain rhino poaching in the country."
The painless de-horning is seen as a deterrent but is short-term, expensive, time-consuming and risky with the notoriously unpredictable animals having to be supported with oxygen and sprayed with cooling water.
The trade is so lucrative that poachers will kill a rhino for two inches of horn, which grows back like a fingernail.
"De-horning is not a stand alone strategy. It has got to work with other strategies," said Matipano.
For privately run reserves, the fight to protect Zimbabwe's wildlife is relentless.
"We've got guys out 24/7 and monitoring things all the time," said Colin Wendham of the Malilangwe reserve near Chiredzi, shortly before a furious rhino mother tried to attack his vehicle.
"It's the only way that we're keeping on top of things."
While saying state parks still face continual declines, Du Toit believes aggressive law enforcement alongside good monitoring can win the fight against the poachers.
"We're dealing with very aggressive criminals," he said as the team ear-notched a young female.
"These are not just impoverished local people out to just make a little money -- these are focused professional criminals."

Sex attack victim says distracted by iPod

A sex attack victim in Australia said Thursday she might have been able to avoid the assault if she had not been distracted by her iPod.
The victim, named only as "Kate", urged other women to use MP3 players with caution after she was knocked down and sexually assaulted just 100 meters (yards) from her Melbourne home earlier this month.
"I was listening to my iPod and in my thoughts I was already at home so I didn't pay attention," she said.
It's a very bad idea, because you listen to the songs that you like, you're thinking about things and you don't pay attention to what's happening around you. It's a very bad thing.
A passing car disturbed the attacker, who then fled.
"When I am walking on the street now I always pay attention to what's happening around me," she said.
Australian campaigners have warned road users of "Death by iPod" after a pedestrian was knocked down and killed last month in Sydney, following the death of a Melbourne cyclist in June.

Indonesia tsunami death toll likely to pass 500

The death toll from a tsunami that pummeled remote Indonesian islands is expected to pass 500, an official said as questions mounted over whether a warning system had failed.
Hopes were fading for hundreds of people still listed as missing after a huge wave triggered by a powerful earthquake hit the remote Mentawai islands on Monday off the west coast of Sumatra.
Meanwhile, on the island of Java in the centre of the disaster-prone archipelago, a volcano which this week killed 32 people again spewed ash and deadly heat clouds, but there were no reports of damage.
Disaster response officials said bodies were being found on beaches and coastal areas in the Mentawais, where the tsunami had washed away entire villages.
"Ten minutes after the quake we heard a sound just like an explosion from outside -- it was then we realized there was a tsunami," said 20-year-old housewife Chandra on North Pagai, one of the two worst-hit islands.
Dazed and exhausted, she was searching for her six-month-old baby boy, who has not been seen since the disaster. Neighbours found her husband's body in their village of Muntei Baru Baru.
"I know he's dead but I keep praying he's still alive. I'm so tired. I've not eaten for two days," she told AFP.
The official death count rose to 394 with hundreds missing, but disaster management official Ade Edward said the toll would climb possibly by as much as 200.
"Of those missing people we think two-thirds of them are probably dead, either swept out to sea or buried in the sand," he said.
"When we flew over the area yesterday we saw many bodies. Heads and legs were sticking out of the sand, some of them were in the trees. If we add another 200 to the toll it would be at least 543 dead."
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited the area to console the victims, having cut short a visit to Vietnam to attend a regional summit. One survivor broke down and wept as he told the ex-general how they had lost everything.
A ship bearing aid including food, water, medical supplies as well as body bags arrived Thursday at Sikakap, on North Pagai.
An AFP photographer on board saw hundreds of villagers being treated at a medical clinic, many requiring stitches to open cuts suffered as they were tossed around in the surging waves.
Survivors said they had almost no warning that the three-meter (10-foot) wall of water was bearing down on them, despite the laying of a sophisticated network of alarm buoys off the Sumatran coast.
The expensive system of tsunami warning buoys was established after the 2004 Asian tsunami, which killed at least 168,000 people in Indonesia alone.
An official tsunami warning was issued after Monday's 7.7-magnitude quake but it either came too late or did not reach the communities in most danger.
A Jakarta-based official responsible for the warnings blamed local authorities on the Mentawais for failing to pass on the alert, telling reporters: "We don't feel there was any mistake."
Medical personnel were arriving on helicopters but stormy weather has hampered the delivery of badly needed aid by boat. Troops and at least five warships have also been dispatched.
Australia announced that Jakarta had accepted a million dollars in aid for victims of both disasters, while the US and several Asian countries have also offered help.
The European Commission released EUR1.5 million (US$ 2 million) in aid and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon offered UN help, a spokesman said.
On Java, Mount Merapi's fresh eruption raised concerns for local residents who have left temporary shelters -- currently housing about 50,000 people -- to return to their homes on the mountain's slopes.
"The threat is still there which is why the status still stays at red," government volcanologist Surono said.
The southern slope of the mountain was an eerie wasteland earlier Thursday, with houses burnt and flattened, trees scorched and stripped of leaves, and the stench of rotting bodies strong in the air.
One of the people killed was an 83-year-old elder appointed by the sultan of Yogyakarta to appease the sacred volcano's restless spirits. He was killed as he prayed in his house after refusing the order to evacuate.
The Indonesian archipelago is studded with scores of active volcanoes and stretches from the Pacific to the Indian oceans, spanning several tectonic plates.

Facebook, Twitter say social is the new normal

The social networking phenomenon has nowhere to go but up as computer use becomes more mobile, according to leading figures in the development of the popular sites Facebook and Twitter.
"Two to five years from now, the whole question of what other social networks you use will be moot, because it will all be social," Chris Hughes, co-founder of Facebook, said in Boston Thursday.
"Social is becoming the frame, the filter to a lot of information," Hughes, 27, said during a panel discussion at the Charles Schwab "Impact 2010" investment conference.
Facebook has over 500 million active users, including more than 150 million who access the site through their mobile devices. The number of registered Twitter users is estimated at more than 165 million.
Both companies are privately held, and investors are on constant alert for any sign either will go public.
Biz Stone, co-founder of Twitter, said the expansion of social networking would closely track a rise in personal mobility as devices such as smart phones replace traditional computers.
"I would like to see a lot less people hunched over computers in their offices in five years," said Stone, 36.
Hughes said applications such as Facebook Connect would increasingly be knitted into the social networking fabric.
For example, Facebook Connect users going to The New York Times' website can now see which articles their friends are reading and recommending.
"With a few clicks you're having a social experience," Hughes said, adding that the functionality can be a way to cut through information overload that many struggle with.
"There is no better filter than people that you know and trust," he said.
Stone has 1.6 million followers for his tweets. He said he likes to follow to follow the Twitter feed of Sockington the Cat, a Waltham, Massachusetts, feline with a knack for clever repartee.
Twitter, said Stone, "is not going to be a triumph of technology -- it's going to be a triumph of humanity ... the growth potential is there from a positive change perspective, not just a business perspective."

179 dead as tsunami, volcano hit Indonesia

Indonesian authorities appealed for aid after a tsunami smashed into an island chain and a volcano erupted less than 24 hours later, leaving scores dead and thousands homeless.
Entire villages were washed away and houses flattened when waves triggered by a 7.7-magnitude earthquake late Monday pounded an area off the west coast of Sumatra, on a major fault line in a region known as the "Pacific Ring of Fire". 
At least 154 people were killed and some 400 remain missing, officials said, as terrifying stories of the power of the waves emerged from the remote area.
"They have lost their houses and now need a lot of aid and assistance. There are some tents already arrived here but we still need many more," West Sumatra provincial disaster management head Harmensyah said.
"We need to find the missing people as soon as possible. Some of them might have run away to the mountains, but many would have been swept away."
Several hundred kilometers away on the central island of Java, another 25 people were killed when the country's most active volcano, Mount Merapi, erupted on Tuesday, spewing searing clouds of gas and lava into the sky.
Officials said almost 29,000 people had fled to temporary shelters around the nearby city of Yogyakarta, but there were fears for the fate of thousands more who had refused to budge.
Monday's quake struck in the Mentawai Islands, an area popular with surfers, generating a tsunami as high as three meters (10 feet) and sweeping away 10 villages.
Survivor Borinte, 32, a farmer from Detumonga village on the coast of North Pagai island, said he managed to stay alive by clasping to a piece of wood. His wife and three children were killed.
"About 10 minutes after the quake we heard a loud, thunderous sound. We went outside and saw the wave coming. We tried to run away to higher ground but the wave was much quicker than us," he told AFP.
Several Australian tourists were also caught in the disaster. One group's boat was was smashed and they were washed into the jungle but survived. Another group of nine surfers was found alive after being reported missing.
The tsunami surged as far as 600 meters inland on South Pagai island, officials said. On North Pagai island, a resort and almost 200 houses were flattened.
Medical personnel flew in on helicopters but rescue efforts have been hampered by poor communications to the islands, which are about half a day's ferry ride away from the port of Padang, West Sumatra province.
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono cut short a visit to Vietnam for a summit of Southeast Asian leaders and was on his way to the Mentawais, which he should reach on Thursday, officials said.
"He wants to feel the pain and burden of the victims," spokesman Julian Aldrin Pasha told AFP.
US President Barack Obama, who lived in Indonesia as a boy and is due to return there on an Asian tour next month, voiced his sadness over the deaths and pledged US help.
"As a friend of Indonesia, the US stands ready to help in any way," he said.
White House spokesman Robert Gibbs said that he was not aware of the disaster having any effect on Obama's planned trip to Indonesia.
The massive Indonesian archipelago straddles a region where the meeting of several continental plates causes high volcanic and seismic activity. It has the world's largest number of active volcanoes and is shaken by thousands of earthquakes every year.
A 7.6-magnitude earthquake last year in Padang killed about 1,100 people, while the 2004 Asian tsunami -- triggered by a 9.3-magnitude quake along the same faultline -- killed at least 168,000 people in Indonesia alone.
Less than 24 hours after the tsunami, Mount Merapi erupted with clouds of gas and molten lava.
One of the 25 dead was the volcano's traditional guardian, known as Grandfather Marijan, whose body was reportedly found in a prayer position in his house on the mountain's slopes.
The 2,914-meter (9,616-foot) Mount Merapi, 400 kilometers east of Jakarta, is the most active of the 69 volcanoes with histories of eruptions in Indonesia.
It last erupted in June 2006 killing two people, but its deadliest eruption occurred in 1930 when more than 1,300 people were killed. Heat clouds from another eruption in 1994 killed more than 60 people.
Authorities had issued a red alert and ordered people to evacuate the area two days before the latest eruption.